Rapid Growth Of Wireless Communication Information Technology Essay

Rapid Growth Of Wireless Communication Information engine room EssayIt is our pleasure as a group to thank our lecturer Mr Mohd Hairi Bin Halmi for giving us the opportunity to do this research as it helped us in exploring our potentials in the filed of communicating theory Networks and has also taught us the various principles involved in the study of Wimax Network Architecture.Many thanks go to the entire group for the time spent in discussing the problem and sharing ideas.ABSTRACTThe rapid growth of radio communication and its permeating use in all walks of life argon changing the agency we communicate in all fundamental ways. It is one of the most vibrant areas in the communication field today. True Wireless communications have gained a momentum in the last decade of twentieth century with the success of second Generation (2G) of digital cellular mobile services. oecumenical successes of Global ashes for Mobile Communications (GSM), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Personal di gital Cellular (PDC) and digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (IS-54/136) have enabled pervasive ways of life for the new information and communication technology era. Second Generation (2G), 2.5G, and Third Generation (3G) standards of mobile administrations are being deployed everywhere worldwide.Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is a standards-based wireless technology for providing high-speed, last-mile broadband connectivity to homes and businesses and for mobile wireless networks. WiMAX is similar to Wi-Fi but offers larger bandwidth, stronger encryption, and improved performance over bimestrial distances by connecting between receiving stations that are not in the line of sight. Internationally, WiMAX has been finding a home among emerging markets that dont have a decent equip infrastructure.WiMAX is essentially a next- coevals wireless technology that enhances broadband wireless access. Therefore, it can be said that WiMAX is a revolutionary wireless technology that, we believe, could change the wireless technology landscape considerably.CONTENTS1. Introduction ..52. Alamouti Space-Time Code.62.1 Working Principle of Alamouti Coding abstract..72.1.1 The encoding and Transmission Sequence..72.1.2 The combining Scheme.82.1.3 The maximum likelihood detection.83. Strengths and Weaknesses of Alamouti Scheme.83.1 Strengths.83.2 Weaknesses.94. Other Competing MIMO Algorithm94.1 Space-Time Trellis Codes94.2 V-BLAST Algorithm..95. Newer Scheme based on Alamouti STBC106. Conclusion..10References11List of figures2.1 Block diagram of Alamouti space time encoder.62.2 BER plot for 2 transmit 2 receive Alamouti STBC .61. INTRODUCTION1.1 stage settingThe development of innovative Wireless communication systems has marked the start of the new Era. The transition from fixed to Wireless really started during the Internet revolution. The Internet world evolved as an exchange mechanism for electronic data, but soon sparked worldwide demand for a nytime/anywhere computing and communications. In wireless technology, data is transmitted over the air, and it is an archetype platform for extending the concept of home networking into the area of mobile devices around the home. Consequently, wireless technology is portrayed as a new system that complements phone-line and power-line networking solutionsFrom the late seventies until today, there have been three generations of wireless systems based on different access technologies 1G wireless systems, based on FDMA (frequency office multiple access) The first generation of wireless systems was introduced in the late 1970s and early1980s, and was built for voice transmission only. It was an analog, circuit-switchednetwork that was based on FDMA air interface technology. 2G wireless systems, based on TDMA (time division multiple access) and CDMA (code division multiple access) The second generation of wireless systems was introduced in the late 1980s and early 1990s with the objecti ve of improving transmission quality, system capacity, and range. Major multiple-access technologies used in 2G systems are TDMA and CDMA. These systems are digital, and they use circuit-switched networks. 3G wireless systems, mostly based on W-CDMA (wideband code division multiple access)The 3G wireless systems are digital systems based on packet-switched network technology intended for wireless transmission of voice, data, images, audio, and video. This started in the mid 1990s and is ongoing developments until today. The various revolutionary developments seen during this level are the UMTS, the CDMA2000. This phase of revolution is ongoing till today where we can see various new wireless technology innovations such as the Wi-Fi, WiMax, and so onThe entire evolution and progress of all these 3 generations of wireless systems has led to the internet revolution that we enjoy today. Today, we live in a world where communication has evolved into a landscape that a person in 1990 wo uld scarcely recognize. TALK A LIL MORE ON HOW WIMAX EVOLVED-introdn needs 2 include more abt wimax consort to WiMAX forum Wimax Technology is a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL. Wimax Technology will admit fixed, nomadic, portable, and, eventually, mobile wireless broadband connectivity without the need for direct line-of-sight to a base station. In a typical cell radius deployment of 3 to 10 kilometres, Wimax Forum Certified systems can be expected to deliver capacity of up to 40 Mbps per channel, for fixed and portable access applications.WiMAX has the potential to provide widespread Internet access that can usher in economic growth, better education and health care, and improved entertainment services. WiMAX can be exposit as a framework for the evolution of wireless broadband rather than a static implementation of wireless technologies. Therefore, in this era, we can consider WIMAX as a wireless technology revolution.1.2 PURPOSEObjective Through this report, our main objective is to study the WiMAX Network Architecture and the evolution of WIMAX in the internet exertion as a wireless technology revolution.1.3 SCOPEOur report covers all the important aspects of the network architecture of WiMAX. We mainly focussed on the practical uses of WiMAX in the world of internet hence making our scope limited to this. We used various resources for this research from internet to books to journals.2. WIMAX NETWORK ARCHITECTURE2.1. Features2.2 Description3. Case line of business on.. (Includes analysis)4. Advantages And Disadvantages5. Other Competing Networks6. Conclusion7. Recommendation

History of Albert Einstein

History of Albert originatorReiyyan Tariq NizamiAlbert learning ability The Political Activist behind the PhysicistAlbert encephalon is a name known by nearly every baby bird who has the luxury of learning about science and earthy philosophy. Throughout the homo he is known for his remark sufficient calculate in physics where he generateed the possibleness of relativity. However most know him for his in famous mass energy equivalence formula E=mc2. Einstein received a Nobel Prize in physics in 1921 for his fabulous work. Every one knows about his work in physics but fewerer know about the governmental side of Einstein. He was alive during many an(prenominal) wars and he al personal manners tried to overhaul as many lot as he could. Albert Einstein was a capacious physicist and governmental activist and an purge better addition.Albert Einstein was born on March 14th 1879 in Ulm, Germany to a Judaic family. From a young age Einstein showed a bulky interest in math ematics and physics and eveningtually obtained a diploma from Swiss Federal Polytechnic School. He eventually became a Swiss citizen and started working as a technical assistant at the patent office. In 1905 he obtained a PhD from the University of Zurich. His dissertation was called A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions in which he discussed Avogadros constant. This was just the beginning for the great physicists accomplishments.Later on in the same year Einstein wrote four written document which argon sometimes referred to as the Annus Mirabilis papers. Annus Mirabilis is Latin for Great or Miraculous Year, the year was indeed great for Albert Einstein. The four papers he wrote held great weight in the physics community and changed the way mess viewed many aspects of physics. The four papers were written on Photoelectric Effect, Brownian motion, Special Relativity and Mass-Energy equivalence. These papers brought Einstein into the spotlight in the world of physics.In the following years Einstein was more than and more successful. In 1908 he was given a education posture at the University of Bern. The next year he got an offer to work at the University of Zurich and a few years later he got a position to teach at Charles-Ferdinand University in what was wherefore known as Czechoslovakia. He later returned to Germany to work at Kaiser Wilhelm Society as a director. The Kaiser Wilhelm Society was setup to encourage the study of natural sciences in Germany. He was in like manner given a professorship at Humboldt University of Berlin however he did not teach thither much. Next Albert Einstein went on to become the president of the German Physical Society. All of these positions of great honor and stature were given to Albert Einstein for his brilliant work in Physics.From 1907 to 1915 Einstein worked on his General Theory of Relativity. This was by far one of Einsteins greatest gift to the scientific community. However during these years the theo ry was met with different controversies from different people. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in physics in 1921 which was awarded for his work with the photoelectric effect. He did however receive citation for his work in relativity in 1925 when he received the Copley Medal, which is given to scientists who have greatly contributed to any field of science by the Royal Society. Albert Einstein definitely deserved these rewards for all the great contributions he gave to the world of physics.Einstein was widely respected passim Germany and the world for his great contributions to the world of physics. However he was also despised by many people for various reasons, such as, some people didnt believe in his science and others hated him for his religion. A Jews flavour in Germany in 1930s was one filled with great danger at all times. This was because of the far remediate wing party case Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) known to many people as the Nazi party. They held a belief that the Aryan race was the strongest purest race and other races were low especially the Jews. If someone happened to be a famous person and a Jew, as Albert Einstein was, thence their life was in grave danger.Being the famous person he was Albert Einstein travelled all over the place giving lectures and continued his work on physics. In 1933 the German far decently wing Nazi party came to power. Their views were extremely Fascist and included but werent limited to anti-Semitism and racial purity. Lucky for Albert Einstein he was not in Germany during this time, he was in fact taking a trip to the Pasadena, California in the United States of the States with his family where he was a visiting professor for a short time at the California institute of Technology. When Albert Einstein heard of the Nazi party coming to power in 1933 he and his family obstinate to stay away from Germany. They instead stubborn to travel to Belgium where they stayed for a few months. During his journe y Albert Einstein was informed that his house was broken into by the Nazis and his possessions had been confiscated. Albert Einstein decided he no longer wanted to be associated with Germany and gave away his citizenship of Germany. horizontaltually the Nazi party implanted harsher and harsher laws over against Jews in Germany. The atmosphere in Germany was live onting worse and worse for any Jewish person and every one of them were trying to flee the country for their lives. Albert Einstein was being targeted by his enemies in every way possible. His scientific achievements were being tarnished by Nazi scientists, his writings were burned by the Nazis and he was officially listed an enemy of the state in Germany and there was a kindness on his head for $5,000. Albert Einstein decided that staying in Europe was not an option for him and so he took his family and moved to Princeton in New Jersey where he stayed for the rest of his life away from the threats to him from the German Nazi party. The Nazi party put Albert Einstein under a lot of pressure but this that made him a stronger advocate of war and further increased his desire for peaceful resolutions to problems.Over the years that the Nazi party was holding power in Germany Albert Einstein was working hard to try to give the Jews in Europe a way to escape Hitlers grasp. Albert Einstein wrote letters to the United States of America asking them to give European Jews visas to enter the United States to escape torture at the hands of the Nazis. Albert Einstein pleaded to the United States to make immigration easier for his people. This was the start of a long political path for Albert Einstein.Einstein kept trying harder and harder to provide ways to rescue his friends from oppression in Germany. Finally in 1933 Albert Einstein was able to get the wheels in motion and the International Rescue Committee was created which over the years saved multiple thousands of people from not only Germany but also from Italy, France, Spain and many other European countries. If it wouldnt have been for Albert Einstein a majority of those people would have terminate up dying to the hands of one dictator or another.Einstein was also a man of strong morals, throughout the whole German war he stood strong and tried to help people being oppressed by the Nazis in the best way that he could do so. He appealed to governments to help the oppressed and used his fame and connection in every way possible to help people. After the war had ended Germans wanted to have Einstein come home as a scrapper and give him rewards for his support to those that needed help. However Albert Einstein declined any such rewards, he said that he was extremely upset with the way that Germany let the race murder of 6 million Jews take place. He never went back to Germany after 1933 and did not like to be associated with them. He stood up for what he believed was right even if it was his home country and that made him a true he ro.After the war had ended the whole world was trying to find a home for the Jewish community. A country that they could call their own and live in peace without any kind of oppression from any other race or religion. numerous people came to decide that the Jews should have their own home in the holy land, Palestine. Albert Einstein was in support of this idea, what better place to call home then the land of Moses, the prophet of the Jews. However Albert Einstein had a different approach to the rest of the world. He believed that instead of creating a state for the Jews protected by weapons and an army. He believed that the Jews and the Arabs could live together in harmony peacefully.As the Jewish state of Israel was being created Einstein was still opposed to their actions. Albert Einstein joined with a few others together sent a letter to the New York Times in which they denounceed the actions of Menachem Begin, an Israeli politician for the right wing Herut political party, for the walloping of Arab villages. The authors of the letter compared the massacre to what Hitler and the Nazi party did in Germany with their fascist views and they warned the world of terrible amours to come if the right wing party came to power. This showed great courage and morality of Albert Einstein, he was spillage against his own religion to do what was right and this made him a great leader for people.In fact Albert Einstein was so loved by the people of Israel and Jews around the world that he was offered the position of being the president of Israel. However he declined the offer kindly as he believed he was not the right man for the job as he lacked the experience and the skills to work in such a position of power. He decided that he could do more work for the world from behind his desk compared to the desk of the president of Israel. This showed that Albert Einstein was working not to gain power of any sort but to do the right thing and that is a quality that is rarely see in people, especially political activists.Albert Einstein was looked down at by the Nazi party and their supporters throughout his life in Germany. This made him all too familiar with the feeling of Anti-Semitism favoritism which he fought against throughout his life. However this was not the only type of discrimination he fought against. Albert Einstein was also fighting the fight for civil rights for African Americans. He worked with many various organizations to help African Americans obtain equality and to get rid of racism. There are many times during his life when Albert Einstein homed and supported African Americans who were oppressed by the white man. This shows how great of a humanitarian Albert Einstein was, he really did not see race or religion, he saw humanity and felt the urge to help them.Of great logical implication were the events of a racial riot in Tennessee which took place in 1946 known as the Columbia Race Riot. The police in Tennessee had been injured w hile they were leaving to enter a segregated African American business district. Later on the white Americans and the police raided the African American business district and take money and weapons and other goods from their stores and arrested several African American men on alleged murder charges. These men werent provided any legal counsel and were exhalation to be punished but the actions of Thurgood Marshall, a member of the United States Supreme Court, supported by Albert Einstein and a few other supporters of civil rights fought to reposition the wrongfully accused African American men.Albert Einstein felt so strongly about the discrimination against African Americans and he used his fame and power to condemn it in every way possible. He gave lectures, speeches and even wrote letters to politicians throughout the government. He went so far as to communicating with the president of the United States, bother S. Truman. In his letters Albert Einstein condemned the racial di scrimination and urged the president to pass anti-lynching laws. Albert Einstein was not afraid of anyone when it came to equality and civil rights for any race, he wheel spoke his mind freely.Throughout most of his life Albert Einstein was a pacifist, a man who tried to help the weak and wanted to achieve harmony throughout the world in a peaceful manner. However sometimes there is not an option for a peaceful way. In 1939 this was the situation Aalbert Einstein base himself in. German scientists were attempting to develop a nuclear weapon and if they succeeded this would be ill news for the rest of the world. Having firsthand experience of what the Nazis were capable of Albert Einstein and a few other scientists, many who also suffered at the hands of the Nazis, decided to urge the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to develop their own nuclear weapon as a defensive strategy against the Nazis in case they developed a Nuclear weapon. Hence began the Nuclear arms race a nd this was the biggest regret of Einstein later on in his life. This was a very difficult decision for Einstein as a political activist and many argue that if he had to do it again he may not have made the same decision.Indeed if Albert Einstein knew that the United States would end up using the Nuclear weapons on Hiroshima and Nagasaki and that the Nazis would wander to develop any Nuclear weapons then he would have never suggested their development. However under pressure and fear of Nazi world dominance Albert Einstein made a decision which resulted in the death of many innocent Japanese people. Later on in his life Albert Einstein tried to separate his mistakes and wrote an article where he suggested that United States should not be an atomic power, instead they should give the Atomic power to the United Nations to deter other dictators and nations from trying to develop weapons.It seems throughout his life Einstein was in the middle of some sort of war. He lived through Worl d War 1 and 2 and when those finally ended he was right in the center of the cold war. During his work in World War 2 Albert Einstein developed strong ties with many political activists and politicians in the west as well as in the east, in specific with the soviets. Anyone who was remotely tied to the soviets was being accused of treason and disloyalty, this practice was called McCarthyism. At the head of the anti-communist movement were U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy and the Federal Bureau of Investigation directed by J. Edgar Hoover. Once again Albert Einstein did all that he could to help innocent people who were the victims of McCarthyism.Albert Einstein publicly advised all the victims of McCarthyism to apply the non-cooperation movement much like Gandhi did in India with the British Empire. His rational was that if everyone did not cooperate with the government then they would not have anything and would eventually give up. Albert Einstein compared Joseph McCarthy to Hitler and his fascist ways. Albert Einstein was so displeased with the acts of the government that ignored any risks to his reputation and he fought for his political beliefs. He went so far as to say that he would be willing to go to jail if he had to but he would stick to what he felt was right. Joseph McCarthy and the FBI were never able to find concrete evidence against Albert Einstein and so Albert Einstein lived a free man who continued to struggle for freedom.Even in his expire days on this planet Einstein continued his work to prevent wars in the future and to stop nuclear development. Albert Einsteins biggest fear was that his work in physics which was key in the development of the Atomic Bomb would be the weapon that annihilates all of mankind. It is widely known association that Einstein said I do not know how the third World War will be fought, but I can key you what they will use in the Fourth sticks and stones. This was to signify that the world would be destroyed by nuclea r weapons before the fourth world war. In his last weeks Einstein wrote a manifesto with Bertrand Russell, a British philosopher, the manifesto discussed the dangers of nuclear warfare. The RussellEinstein Manifesto was key in the development of the Pugwash Conferences on learning and World Affairs. This conference brings forth leaders and scientists from around the world to discuss ways to mitigate the dangers of war and to find peaceful resolutions to issues.Through his faultless life Albert Einstein was working to stop wars and help the victims of wars. At the same time he was also busy doing research in physics. He worked on developing a Unified field theory, he studied wormholes, and of course he continued his own research on quantum mechanics as well. spot he did all this he also helped free Jews, African Americans and other people being oppressed.How one man can inspire the whole world is remarkable and speaks to volumes the power of the human brain. Throughout his life Ei nstein influenced many and even today his theories are used to develop and understand physics and the natural world. The man was a remarkable physicist and he was rewarded for that in many ways from the Nobel Prize to professorships around the world. Unfortunately his political and humanitarian work was not recognize and rewarded like his work in physics was. Albert Einstein was a great political activist and he was one of the best humanitarian known to mankind.BibliographyAlbert Einstein Biographical. 25 Mar. 2014 http//nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1921/einstein-bio.html.Albert Einstein, Radical A Political Profile. Monthly Review. 25 Mar. 2014 http//monthlyreview.org/2005/05/01/albert-einstein-radical-a-political-profile.Albert Einstein, Was Einstein a Zionist? 25 Mar. 2014 http//www.zionism-israel.com/ezine/Einstein_and_Zionism.htm.Avogadros number. 25 Mar. 2014 http//en.citizendium.org/wiki/Avogadros_numberEstimates_from_liquid_solutions.Butcher, Sandra Ionna. The origins of the Russell-Einstein Manifesto. Washington, DC Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, 2005.Calaprice, Alice, and Trevor Lipscombe. Albert Einstein A biography. Westport, CT Greenwood P, 2005.Gewertz, Ken. Albert Einstein, Civil Rights activist. Harvard Gazette. 25 Mar. 2014 http//news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2007/04/albert-einstein-civil-rights-activist/.Isaacson, Walter. Einstein His life and universe. New York Simon Schuster, 2007. 404.Rhodes, Richard. The making of the atomic bomb. New York Simon Schuster, 1986. 307-14.Scientist Tells of Einsteins fission bomb Regrets. The Philadelphia Bulletin. 24 Mar. 2014 http//web.archive.org/web/20061108075927/http//virtor.bar.admin.ch/pdf/ausstellung_einstein_fr/der_pazifist/A-Bomb_Regrets.pdf.Stachel, John J. Einstein from B to Z Boston Birkhauser, 2002.Albert Einstein on the McCarthy hearings and the Fifth Amendment, 1953. The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. 25 Mar. 2014 https//www.gilderlehrm an.org/history-by-era/fifties/resources/albert-einstein-mccarthy-hearings-and-fifth-amendment-1953.

Gender Construction of Roles and Social Learning Theory

Gender Construction of Roles and Social Learning TheoryCon text editionbookualizing- Gender and Social Background to the Private and Public livelihoods of African wo hands in the Diaspora (Case study -Gothenburg, Sweden). accessionPeople in every comm social unity be ascri acknowledge to sexualityed attri preciselyes that shape and impact their spirit styles. Darly and Rake (2003) contend that such gendered attri only ifes involve sex relations encompassing resources, social roles and power relations. Hence, the perception and doing of gender is very subjective and much so inferred according to social contexts and history (Gruber and Stefanov, 2002). The implication here is that the smasheding and impression of gender construction and the way it is practiced is discrete upon prickerground and contextual operators. The baffle often comes when individuals and groups of people settle on allowful or instinctive choices to relocate to new places that necessitate distinctive gender constructions and practices. How argon they likely to cope be their interpretings likely to change and embrace new angiotensin-converting enzymes- in that respectby turning bulge to be tot all(prenominal)y transformed? Would their gender norms be inflexibly maintained? Or would people consolidate and get lost between different cultures? Gendered look into migration builds that migrant women (particularly those who originate from the developing world) as a rule experience troubles grappling with their changed gender roles as they settle in some other countries (Gavanas, 2010 Sawyer,2008 Deacon, 2009). This is on the answer for that gender roles in the diaspora tend to differ from those of their original nations. This is e additionally so in the Western World where these tend to give more autonomy, self-determination and license (Deacon, 2009). This study sought to examine and clarify how the gender divisions of roles work out the status and position of a group of Afr ican women (living in Gothenburg) inside their families as headspring as their general participation in the Swedish fellowship. The research was conducted between January to June 2012, as part of the fullfullment for my master study at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden. The main research suspense was How does the gender division of roles affect the status and position of a group of African women (living in Gothenburg), within and external their families? The current report will weed the analysis ending of troika interviews with African women.The process of analysisAnalysis can pull away various approaches including, literal interpretive and reflexive (Welsh, 2002 Miles and Huber slice,1994). Miles and Huber mankind (1994) identify three types of activities that make up the analysis process.First, is information reduction. This refers to the process of selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting and transforming the data that appear in written-up field notes or transcr iptions (Miles and Huberman 1994, p.10). This procedure may likewise be cognise as data familialisation (Fielding Lee,1991), indicating a process of condensing and consolidating of the data to make it sensible.The second activity is data display.This refers to an organised, compressed assembly of information that permits conclusion gulp off and action (Miles and Huberman 1994, p.11). This includes transforming expanded writings into instantly available, minimal frames of reference so that the detective can perceive what is occurring and either reach defended determinations or proceed out front to the following phase of investigation.This can als be known as the decriptive (Fielding Lee,1991) stage of data analysis.The final activity of data analysis is conclusion drawing and verification. Drawing conclusions relates to deciding on the actual kernel of phenomenon, in otherwards data is explained. On the other hand, verification means testing meaning for their plausibility, thei r sturdiness, and their confirmability (Miles and Huberman 1994, p.11). These procedures happen persistently and iteratively and feed into each other, for the entire duration of the research.Advantages and disadvantages of Computer Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software (CAQDAS).There are different software packages ranging from text retrievers, code and retrieve packages as vigorous as possibility building software (Gibbs, Friese and Mungabeira, 2002 Fielding Lee,1991). This section arguees the importance and shortcomings of using CAQDAS sduch as Nvivo.Utilizing CAQDAS can birth time and energy of a qualitative researcher. This is mainly because CAQDAS can help with the mechanical aspects of qualitative data analysis which include marking up the highlighted text with the codes, generating reports, searching the text for key terms (Gibbs, Friese and Mungabeira, 2002) which would be time consuming, inconvenient and fatiguing (Lee and Fielding, 1995) for the researcher. Besid es, this to a fault decreases the mis get rid ofs which could lead to some aspects of data being ignored by the researcher perhaps due to some bias or omission. Despite this though, the art and interpretation depends on the individual researcher. As Gibbs, Friese and Mungabeira (2002) have argued that conceptual aspects of the analysis such as reading the text, interpreting it, creating coding schemes and identifying useful searches and reports all depend on human art ( p.4).CAQDAS can enable teamwork and exchange of ideas without the full-page analysis process which can thus reduce on delays and overly help with member checking as ideas develop. The research team does so by uploading all filed notes into the software and these may be easily shared among them electronically (Lee and Fielding, 1995). The only gainsay with this way of working(a) is that attention paid to issue salience or uniqueness of cases and situations may be reduced as teams try to share ideas.CAQDAS such as NVivo decreases boredom which might be experienced in the instant procedure of transcribing and creating codes all through to the report writing stage. This is possible because other than the ordinary style working with just plain texts, these programs allow for incorporation of sizeable text, audio, videos and any multimedia data (Gibbs, Friese and Mungabeira, 2002) which can make the entire process of analysis interactive and engaging for researchers. The risk associated with this is ambiguity because as researchers attempt to deal with a blend of information, consideration might be moved to videos and the richness of content might be ignored. This may littleen the sort of depth of interpretation which they can give to any of the material. Aside from that, the software is not free, one may likewise study extra training in order to have the capacity to utilize it effectively.CAQDAS can also help to make the analysis process more effective and transparent more than the manual m ethod. This helps to improve the eccentric of the research that is produced. Gibbs, Friese and Mungabeira (2002 ) argue that while in quantitative research there can be techniques for checking authenticity, this might be nasty for qualitative researchers.The counter literary argument by Welsh (2002) is that validity and reliability difficulties still exist notwithstanding when the analysis is make using a software, as a result of the quiet and creative routes through which the themes emerge suggesting that the human analysist is specially vital and cannot be separated from this process. Additionally, the theoretical lens through which the researcher uses to approach the phenomena, the strategies that the researcher uses to roll up and construct data and his or her epistemological lowstandings about what might be relevant in answering the questions are all analytic process and bias data (Thorne 2000, p.68). Hence, the analytic process may not be entirely distinguishable from the actual data produced (Thorne, 2000).That said, we cannot deny the fact that CAQDAS provides an efficient and smarter way of take and organizing data for proper management and analysis much as it is critical to reflect on how much the software can be able to do. The software is not capable of underpickings the intellectual and conceptual procedures which are necessary for transforming data into useful research (Welsh, 2002 Thorne, 2000 Fielding Lee,1991).Process of analysisFirst, I uploaded the transcripts into NVivo 11 software. After that, I started developing general codes according to the study goals (Bazeley Richards,2000). However, as I read the transcripts over and over a throw out, new nodes kept on emerging. With a full list of numerous nodes, I realised that some nodes actually express the same idea and could be merged, so I categorised and assort the related nodes, cut and pasted them into the parent nodes and came up with broader and expanded nodes. Bazeley Rich ards (2000) assert that codes can are essential for identifying topics, themes or issues and unite the data segments. Categorising the nodes helped me to get exempt of the redundant nodes. And actually a few redundant nodes which I had formulated earlier on, have been excluded from the analysis since they could not add up to any wide description of the data. This exercise involved an iterative and reflective process of working spinal column and forth through the transcripts so as to avoid merging nodes that expressed different ideas. I also do descriptions and memos as I coded which helped me to reflect on the nodes afterwards. This was also important in developing a deeper analysis of the data. wonder transcripts were analyzed through induction following a phenomenological approach. An analytic induction explores patterns and relationships in the data and uses such to generate tentative hypotheses or ideas so as to develop general conclusions or theory.I will borrow a few featu res from Grounded theory approach advanced by Strauss and Corbin (1990) and Miller (2000). The grounded theory approach allows for free burning and repetitive working with the findings in order to develop themes which can be built into models arising from the data. mechanisms of women towards addressing their health needs. The grounded theory approach was useful to draw comparisons (Thorne, 2000) between get married women and the iodine woman. Thus, much as there are elements of grounded theory within my analytical approach, my research took a more inductive and phenomenological approach. All interview data were be analyzed using a phenomenological approach done in stages as proposed by (Hycner 1985,p.280-293).Firstly, Interview were transcibed verbatim and literally in the way it was it will be presented by respondents. In addition, all nonverbal and para- linguistic communications (Hycner, 1985) from the interviews were noted so as to draw meaning from them.Secondly, I engaged in bracketing and phenomenological reduction. Bracketing involves suspension of the researchers meanings and interpretations and entering into the unique world of the individual who was interviewed while (Hycner 1985). , Keen (1975, p.38 in Hycner 1985) alludes that The phenomenological reduction is a conscious, effortful, opening of ourselves to the phenomenon as a phenomenon. And since, I already had the transcripts,I read through them with openness to derive meaning.The third stage involves listening to the interview or reading the transcription several times to get a sense of the whole. Hycner 1985 states that as you listen or read, its imporatnt to make memos which aid in delineating the units of general meaning. This fourth stage is about crystallization and condensation of the what the respondents said jumper lead to a unit of general meaning while referring to the reseacrh question (p.282).This involves paying attention to the actual content of the findings while referring to the initial research question to pull in if the collected data is relevant and at this point irrelevant findings might be excluded from the analysis.Next is to have independent judges to verify the units of relevant meaning to reckon if the findings are authentic, then redundancies are taken out, depending on both the literal content and looking at the number of times and the way meanings were mentioned.The other step is clustering units of relevant meaning. This is an iterative process of working through the units of meaning through examining their essence. This also depends on the context under which a unit was mentioned. Next is to determine central themes from these clusters of meaning. This also involves interrogating the clusters as well as working through the segments of the transcript. After this, next a summary of individual interviews is done while trying to incorporate the themes, this also gives a sense of the whole. After this, Hycner recommends to do validity che ck with our interviewees to actualize if what we have actually represents what they tried to guide forward. In my research this process will be done retrospectively, that is, immediately after interviewing.After this then, themes are modified and then general and unique themes are identified for all the interviews. This step looks out for common themes in all the interviews as well as individual variations or uniqueness and these clustered under general themes. This step requires patience so as not to merge themes that do not match or are somewhat unique without which the consequence of some themes may be lost.Finally, is the contextualization of themes. This step requires that all the general and unique themes from the rigorous process are placed back into the initial contexts from which they developed so as to get a deeper understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. As such the analysis is presented with evidence from the actual words of the interviewees.Hycner (1985) alludes that the process takes fourteen steps but in this research, some of these were done simultaneously as the research progressed. The phenomenological approach is not without limitations. For example, phenomenological analysis is associated with of the following challengesPhenomenological analysis may be very wear if you are dealing with large amounts of data and since it is suitable for few cases, the data may be difficult to generalise. This holds water but does not eliminate the apprise of the findings since these usually represent the experience of individuals which is itself unique and informative (Hycner 1985).Secondly, there is the issue of randonmness and the subjective influence of the resaercher. The citisim is that respondents are selected because of who they are, or depending on their experienece with the phenomena. As result there might be subjective influence in both interviewing and in analysing data. The women were chosen purposefully to provide their experinc e, but the analysis has undergone a thoruogh process.FindingsGender and gender role formationGender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women (WHO, 2017). Gender categorization portrays cultural values and norms and is therefore an outcome of extensive interactions between individual socialization processes inside families and broader social-cultural order (Becker-Schmidt 1993, cited in Gruber and Stefanov, 2002). Buckingham-Hatfield (2000, p. 67) contends that the gender identity that individuals acquire over time infers both types of connections, that between the two genders and that between gender and society Gender roles thus allude to the degree to which standards and practices are social and patterned for women and men (Darly and Rake, 2003). The data shows that women mainly predominate in the traditional gender roles like cooking, taking care of children, doing laundry work an d making their homes neat.I dont even relax in the evening, I come back directly in the kitchen, starts cooking and then we eat around six oclock then we see homework and what happened at school and then you prepare them for bed (Married woman)Womanly in my view, I mean taking care of the home, having meals done and checking on the childrens work and following up to see that their home works are done, (Single woman)In addition, all the women indicated that they are bread winners. Contrastingly, the married women work mainly to supplement their husbands income but not necessarily to enhance their positions. As such, the married women take on part time work so that they can balance that with home assignments while the single woman labours to sustain her family. Kunovich and Kunovich (2008) contrasts that married women have less egalitarian attitudes toward housework and childcare compared with single women that even in nations with more noteworthy gender equality (like Sweden) only ha ve more libertarian attitudes toward separate spheres of work, hitherto not toward housework or childcare. On this account, Gavanas (2010) demonstrates that in European settings, care and phratry labor have been traditionally viewed as womens domaincarriedout for free as a labor of love.Determinants of womens rolesThe Swedish values and laws emerged as some of the factors that determine womens roles. According to the Swedish Ministry of Integration and Gender Equality (2009), the Swedish gender equality policy is aimed at fighting and changing systems that preserve the sex-based appropriation of power and resources in society and, guaranteeing that women and men appreciate similar power and chances to shape their own lives. such impacts however usually stream less to the immigrants henceforth Swedens gender equality discourse is dominated by various leveled classification of the population into Swedes and immigrants with representations of gender incommensurate immigrants being eminent(Towns 2002, p.157). Additionally, numerous migrant women are utilized in the informal economy, especially as domestic workers, mind specialists, nurses or entertainers- henceforth, reinforcing conventional gender separationism and inequalities in the labor market (Anja and Andrea 2010, p.48). None the less, Brettell (2008) has put light to the new changes which happen in family and kinship patterns as an outcome of migration and highlighted the feeling of control that women gain as immigrants. To some extent, the women I interviewed have adopted the Swedish values of equality in their homes. This is partially because they are married to Swedish partners who are apply to the values of equality and thus, occasionally accept to take on household chores flexibility.Yeah thats something special for Sweden. And also then taking paternity leave, its very special for Sweden because also a dad participates (Married woman)he earns more than me and he makes more decisions than me bu t also being in Sweden and being married to a Swedish person, they are very much about equality (Married woman)Further on, women have adopted equality values because of the demands on women. Women have familial roles hitherto they also have to work outside the home. Metz-Gckel (1993) and Becker-Schmidt and Knapp (1995) contended that the structural significance of gender is attached to the dual role of women in society from one perspective in the head-to-head re plentiful sphere controlled by patriarchal power grammatical constructions and then again in the market initiated societal sphere under the control of the profit-oriented organization of the fertile sphere (cited in Gruber and Stefanov 2002, p. 3).Yeah its because I have changed, I have changed. I came to understand that its very important to help each other especially in this, this Europe. (Married woman)Aside from demands, the women have also been influenced by the Swedish women whom they see as autonomous and indepen dent in the way they live their lives. These relationships have make African women to reflect on their positions within their families.Again being here and looking at Swedish women here, the way they are independent, the relationships between a man and a woman (Married woman)Yeah in one way I think, I have friends, I have Swedish friends and you see how people live, and you see them in the homes, how things are done, when I talk to my friends they say I did this, and it can a little bit yeah it can help you out (Married woman)The challenge however is that because of the hierarchical gender relationship, male dominance controls the private and public spheres (Gruber and Stefanov, 2002 LeVine, 1966). Despite that, adopting the Swedish values of equality has empowered the women to be able to discuss their grievances with their husbands.Norms also determine what women do inside their families and in general society circles. Each of the respondents battled that there are particular propo sition obligations which should be for women and others for men. In their view, the light tasks and those which are less stressful like dealing with the little things in the house are feminine. Male duties are those that need skill like fixing bulbs and those that require monetary assets like dealing with bills. This was alluded to irrespective of marital status. For stance, the single woman was content with the freedom she has-being the major decision maker for her children and family yet communicated trouble with taking care of bills.I think Im comfortable, they are moments when I sit and I think, now I think I need a husband in my life who is going to pay for the rent, I dont want to pay rent, I mean there are times, when I really have this mind that I need to turn down and also feel like a woman (Single woman)once my mother called and then she asked me where I was and I said ok- Im in the living room watching TV, and your husband? I said he is in the kitchen doing dishes so my m other was very hungry on the phone. What You are seated and your husband is in the kitchen doing dishes, I didnt teach you that. I was like ok, mama, this is Europe. Yeah its Europe but you are not European (Married woman)Social role theory deduces that people occupy positions in social structures associated with roles that may either be attributed or achieved (Payne, 1997). The model clarifies that the societal division of work produces diffuse gender roles for specific genders and in this way confers broad expectations depending on each gender (Diekman and Schneider, 2010). This sort of development implies that men and women take part in different household assignments to demonstrate and reaffirm their gendered selves as expected of them by others.Personality also emerged as an imperative component that determines womens roles and workload inside their families. For example, one woman insinuated the way she appreciates doing the family tasks yet for some, they are perfectionists trusting that they know best what is useful for their families. All these decide the workload of women and additionally whether they are ready to request for support from their partners and friends.But I sometimes feel that I take too much also and that way Patrick balances me and he tells me I dont think you need to do this, although you have made a commitment here and there. Its personality. (Married woman)I would say that I as a person Im a strong person who would really like to take on what Im not unable to do (Single woman)On the other hand, personality decides womens engagement in the public sphere. Women who are open and ready to connect with the wider society say, through welcoming friends to their homes really have a bigger network or social contacts and a number of social activities to engaged in.I mean naturally Im born, Im a social person. So I easily create social contacts and through that I see that Im reaching out more to others So in that way I have more activities than I really want. (Single woman)like I said, Swedes are very cold people, very difficult to have, its hard to have a relationship with a Swede, I remember I really worked on it because I wanted to meet them. I remember I was calling, inviting people home and all the friends we have now are from me, I mean from my efforts. I did really effort to have them (Married woman)Socialisation is the other factor that determines womens roles. Women implied the way they were raised and indicated pride for their social childhood. The Social learningtheory explains how gender roles are produced in everyday lives particularly in childhood depending on the setting. The model is grounded on three main concepts including, observational learning, imitation, and modeling (Ormrod, 1999). This theory deduces that behavior is acquired through re-enforcements and modeling however, in the absence of these, social learning may occur through observation and imitation of others (Golombok and Fivush 1994, p.7 6). Subsequently, gender role practices are acquired through the same procedures as every other conduct (Bandura, 1977, cited in Golombok and Fivush 1994, p.76).Miller (2011) demonstrates that the interplay between cognitive, affective, biological, and socio structural aspects influence the process of gender role development. Many women alluded to their childhood and the qualities they saw and learnt as children.I think its me. I think its also has to do with African education and being the eldest. (Married woman)You have to help your parents. Because I remember when my dad told us about that. We were there not to just lay back and sleep but we were there to help our mum(Married woman)Interestingly these women are married to Swedish partners but one of them maintained that her Swedish partner emphasised the patriarchal structure through encouraging her to maintain her African thing. Now this is not known if this particular husband is really happy with the so called African thing or if it is a strategy for him to relax as the woman takes on the donkey work.Like I said from the beginning my husband is more African than- I mean more Congolese than me, he says to me E, I feel you are losing that African thing when I tell him my husband help me he says that E, men in Africa are not in the kitchen. (Married woman)In the African tradition, family and kinship are the most imperative institutions and social life is mainly structured on norms (Therborn, 2004) thus gender is generally a collective classification with regard to general norms and values (Adkins and Lury 1995, in Gruber and Stefanov, 2002). Therborn (2004, p.118) alludes that African custom is for male control of women and that wifelike subordination is still a major phenomenon of African social life.Spirituality is likewise critical in determining what roles women take on as well as the decisions they make for themselves and their families. All the women said that they are Christians and that God is an e ssential figure in whatever they do. As one of them described, Of course Prayer is the foundation that builds a home. Indeed, they all specified congregational activities as a major aspect of the social activities they take an interest in. One of them recounted,I devoted my life ever since I came to Sweden to do Gods work and that I can do, normally when you are doing dishes, you dont clash with any one. When you are doing your cleaning or dishes (Single woman)These responses mirror Foucaults light of the social distribution of roles by referring to nature. He alludes that gods directly prepared the womans nature for indoor works and the man for works of the open air. Thus, the natural oppositeness of man and woman and the specificity of their aptitudes are indissociably tied to the good order and inversely, order demands them as obligations (Foucault 1984, in p.158-159).Impact of roles on the status of womenOne of the effects of gender roles on women has to do with sacrifice. The dual role of women, makes it is inevitable for women to make sacrifices. They need to negotiate between seeking after their careers or to tend to their families. For instance, all the women perceived the significance of education and actually disclosed that they had enrolled for training courses. However, this meant negotiations on the priorities, they felt that they needed to deal with their family demands to start with, before they could consider undertaking courses or even go after careers. Moreover, women do take on part time patronages as a sacrifice for their families particularly when they have little children. The less priority which women ascribe to activities outside the family further suggests that in the meantime, they forfeit their own economic progress.Family reasons, I mean my children are still young and I had to settle down in my job and I mean, somehow have a base in my working life and also balance it with the children at home, because now being a single mother in Sweden, it takes up all the energy and everything that I have so then I havent been able to take on extra studies beyond what I can do on a normal day. (Single woman) I dont work full time. From the beginning we decided with my husband that I will not do full time. He did- doing full time. We felt like I was needed home(Married woman)These discoveries are not unique to these women. Research elsewhere demonstrates that women are more committed to the private sphere as moms, carers and domestic workers while men are more concentrated in the public circles (Buckingham-Hatfield, 2000 Donato et al, 2006). For instance, in a survey of European women, it was discovered that 90 percent of women valued the family as the most significant sphere of their life (Gruber and Stefanov 2002, p.21). Besides, women are also not wholly accepted in the public arena but are rather permitted to participate there just on sufferance (Buckingham-Hatfield, 2000). Thus, for majority of partnerships in ke y Europe, housework and caring for children are undertakings performed principally by women while fathers primarily play and only share their leisure activities with the children yet women who struggle to be productive need to sacrifice child care and much more house work to the formal paid employment (Esping-Andersen, 2009 Gruber and Stefanov, 2002).Finally, power developed as one of the advantages that women derive from the sort of roles they undertake. Because women take care of the homes and children, they are more required in basic leadership and decision making particularly in matters regarding household welfare. This is for both the married and the single woman. In any case, the reasons behind this control are distinctive. The single woman derives her power from the reality that she is the sole provider in the home whereas for the married women, it is mostly in light of the fact that their spouses tend to distance themselves from family unit matters.I have freedom of indepen dence that at times I feel in myself and say thank you Lord, Im able to make decisions on my own whether I make wrong decisions I come back to myself and say I did that wrong Independent in every way economic, social, independent woman, very powerful. (single woman)Keeping in mind the end goal to see how gender roles, impinge on the societal position and prosperity of women in the private and open circles it is reasonable to consider the measure of assets at womens disposal and also power relations (Sen, 2001). Such viewpoints explain the agency aspects (like, womens earning power, ability to act, economic role outside the family, literacy and education, property rights) which exceptionally contribute to womens voice, independence and empowerment (Sen ,2001). For example, working outside the home and acquiring an autonomous wage enhances and upgr

Is Wal-mart Good for Overseas Workers? Essays -- supermarket industry,

When Wal-mart first entered the supermarket industry back in 1962, they were already off to a disadvantage as the industry during that time was already dominated by well-established and deeply experienced national chains such as Albertsons and Safeway. However, in a period of just ten years, Wal-mart had opened an average come forth of seven supermarkets per month for 120 consecutive months, with a total of 888 supercenters. (Fisherman) By then, Wal-mart became the number one food retailer in the nation. What led Wal-mart from starting out as a rookie grocery market to becoming a dominating, world-wide supercenter? The answer is in their prices, which is generally 15 percent lower than their competitors. (Fisherman) For this very reason, Wal-mart has changed the lives of many, including the using up habits of the shoppers and the working environments of the factory workers overseas who produces these low-priced products. Although Wal-marts slogan Save money, live better appeals t o many of the customers, their actions are putting a burden on factory workers overseas as many are forced to work without the proper benefits and safety regulations. One of the many reasons why Wal-mart is able to manufacture affordable products is because of the ridiculously low wages and long hours given to the workers overseas. They receive little to no benefits, breaks, or vacations. Their working hours typically start before 8A.M. and lasts until 11P.M., seven long time a week and they only have ten days off in a year (185). In The Wal-mart effect Robina Akther, a sixteen-year old stitching operator from a factory in Dhaka, discloses that she only earns 13 cents an hour for fourteen hours a day, which is about $26.98 a month (185). Akther also mentioned, I strip down ... ...e products. These injuries often go unreported since workers are afraid of being fired or punished, and they simply can non afford to lose their jobs. Furthermore, most factory workers do not have the money to afford medical care and as a result, most do not treat their problems or go into debt trying to ante up for medical attention. Once again, Wal-mart is shown to not care about workers safety, whether if it is providing them with insufficient safety equipment or blocking the fire escapes to prevent workers from taking breaks.One reason for this is the local labor laws that are unique to each country, such as the minimum wage and safety standards, allow factories to continue operation below the international standard. In addition, many factories operate under the table. Safety reports are faked or many things go unreported, and underage workers are allowed to work.

Diversity Essay -- essays research papers

Abraham Lincoln once said, The strongest bond of human sympathy outside the family relation should be one uniting working people of all nations and tongues and kindreds. For an scheme to work well it has to have a diversity of people, good communication with all the employees, and to be organized in a way that is effective and efficient to function properly. I currently work at the Turlock Junior High School (TJHS). It is an organization that is composed of the administrative staff, teachers, classified staff and students. To be able to function, each branch has diverse group of people working together to make TJHS a better place for children to learn. TJHS has employees with different cultural background and who speak different languages. The employ...

Maxims and Masks: The Epigram in The Importance of Being Earnest Essay

Maxims and Masks The Epigram in The Importance of Being Earnest Oscar Wilde frames The Importance of Being Earnest almost the paradoxical epigram, a skewering metaphor for the plays central theme of division of truth and identity that hints at a homosexual subtext. Other targets of Wildes absurd yet grounded brainiac are the social conventions of his stuffy Victorian society, which are exposed as a shallow mask of manners (1655). Aided by clever wordplay, worked up misunderstanding, and dissonance of knowledge between the characters and the audience, devices that are now staples of contemporary theater and situation comedy, Earnest suggests that, especially in civilized society, we all lead persona lives that force upon us a variety of postures, an idea with which the closeted (until his public charge for sodomy) homosexual Wilde was understandably obsessed. The plays initial thrust is in its exploration of bisexual identities. Algernons and Jacks Bunburys initially function as separate geographic personas for the city and country, simple escapes from nagging social obligations. However, the homoerotic connotations of the punning name (even the double bus, which serve mostly an rhyming purpose, insinuate a union of similarities, and Bunbury rhymes with buggery, British slang for sodomy) flare up when paired with Algernons repeated assaults on marriage ALGERNON. ...She will place me next to bloody shame Farquhar, who always flirts with her own husband across the dinner table. That is not very pleasant. Indeed, it is not even decent ... and that sort of thing is enormously on the increase. The add together of women in London who flirt with their own husbands is perfectly scandalous. It looks so bad. It i... ... he was inextricably associated but from which he could just as easily distance himself via a pithy saying, but he treats the tension of homosexuality, his own mask, more seriously. Jack is never ready to admit his entrance into the Bunbury under world, and we never learn from Algernon the necessary rules of conduct. The embodiment of homosexuality as a characters double is not surprising - some critics argue that Dr. Jekyls evil counterpart, Mr. Hyde, has some homosexual leanings - as such a debatable and, perhaps, embarrassing topic can be more easily disguised and obscured in the murky depths of the doppelganger tale. Today, with scientific evidence backing an opinion that places individuals sexual preferences on a sliding scale from full heterosexuality to full homosexuality, the simple bifurcated view of sexuality in literature may soon be obsolete.

Nathaniel Hawthornes Puritan influences Essay -- good vs evil

Nathaniel Hawthorne was born into a family that possessed prominent puritan ancestors, and the shame he experienced as a result of their actions, as well as his odd fascination with them, had a significant impact on his life and his writings. Though it would be an overstatement to say that Hawthornes knowledge of the Puritan way of life was his only source of inspiration, this knowledge was certainly influential as it is often reflected in the majority of his work. Born in Salem, Massachusetts in 1804, Hawthorne was born in a town whose Puritan past is well-known as a result of the infamous Salem witch trials. Though he was born well after the time of the Puritans, growing up in a town so steeped in Puritan history is likely wherefore his knowledge of Puritan life was so extensive (Means 1). The reason why Hawthorne was so interested in his Puritan ancestors of Salem was the fact that his great-great grandfather, John Hathorne, was a judge during the Salem witch trials. Al so, his great-great-great grandfather was a member of the General Court of Massachusetts and Hawthorne did extensive research into the punishments that his great-great-great grandfather placed upon the sinners of Salem (Barna 2). Hawthorne was so repulsed by these connections that when he began publishing his work he changed his surname to Hawthorne in place of his original surname of Hathorne. While some may argue that Hawthorne was confirming of Puritan doctrine, because of the fact that he often discussed the folly of sin and was viewed as being fairly conservative for seeing sin as an inherent tell apart of human nature, it is not true that he admired the ways of his Puritan ancestors. Hawthorne once stated that society should progress in a slower, calmer ma... ...ots, Fourth mutation (2010) 1-3. Literary Reference Center. Web. 20 July 2015.Barna, Mark Richard. Nathaniel Hawthorne And The Unpardonable Sin.World & I 13.3 (1998) 324. MasterFILE Elite. Web. 8 July 2015.Hawthor ne, Nathaniel. The Ministers Black Veil. Eldritch Press, n.d. Web. 20 July 2015.Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York Penguin, 2003. Print.Manheim, Daniel. Pearls Golden chain in THE SCARLET LETTER. Explicator 68.3 (2010) 177-180. Literary Reference Center. Web. 20 July 2015.Means, Richard. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Nathaniel Hawthorne (2006) 1-3. Literary Reference Center. Web. 20 July 2015.Nathaniel Hawthorne. PoemHunter.com. PoemHunter.com, n.d. Web. 20 July 2015.Trepanier, Lee. The Need for Renewal Nathaniel Hawthornes Conservatism. Modern Age 45.4 (2003) 315-323. Wold History Collection. Web. 20 July 2015.