Renaissance Drama in England

Renaissance swordplay in England From Medieval to Renaissance Drama ? Mystery plays -> ? Historical (chronicle) ? Miracle plays -> plays ? Tr come alongdies ? Comedies ? Morality plays -> ? Interludes -> Other public spectacles The Elizabethan Drama ? The Elizabethan era saw a great flourishing of literature, especially in the subject field of earthly concernoeuvre. ? The Italian Renaissance had rediscovered the ancient Greek and Roman theatre, and this was instrumental in the development of the new drama, which was so radical to evolve apart from the old mystery and miracle plays of the Middle Ages. The Italians were particularly inspired by Seneca (a study tragic playwright and philosopher) and Plautus (comic cliches, especially that of the boasting soldier had a powerful influence on the Renaissance and after). ? However, the Italian tragedies embraced a principle contrary to Senecas ethics showing blood and violence on the stage. It is too true that the Elizabethan Era was a very violent age. As a result, representing that benignant of violence on the stage in exposures of high ? physical realism? was in all probability more evacuant for the Elizabethan spectator. Lady Macbeth by jakes Singer Sargent,1889Elizabethan Drama and hazarding Main Features ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? The plays had 5 acts visible realism Issues borrowed from the ancient Greek drama (the chorus) Allegorical characters borrowed from the Medieval moralities Issues borrowed from the Italian drama (the pantomime) Exaggerated feelings (love, hatred, revenge) support and settings were simple Costumes were rich and in accordance with the fashion of the time There was no curtain Women were non allowed to perform. Spanish Tragedy by doubting doubting Thomas Kyd ? Examples Gorboduc (or Ferrex and Porrex) by Sackville Norton, TheThe Elizabethan lay outhouse ? The establishment of bighearted and profitable public theatres was an essential enabling factor in the success of En glish Renaissance dramaonce they were in operation, drama could become a fixed and permanent rather than a fleeting phenomenon. The crucial initiating development was the building of The Theatre by James Burbage, in Shoreditch in 1576. The Theatre was promptly followed by the nearby Curtain Theatre (1577), the Rose (1587), the Swan (1595), the Globe (1599), the Fortune (1600), and the Red shucks (1604).The Elizabethan Playhouse ? The public theatres were three stories high, and built around an open space at the centre. ? usually polygonal in plan to give an overall rounded effect (though the Red Bull and the for the first time base Fortune were squ be), the three levels of inwardfacing galleries overlooked the open center, into which jutted the stage essentially a platform surrounded on three sides by the audience, only the rear be restricted for the entrances and exits of the actors and seating for the musicians. The upper level prat the stage could be used as a balcony. Us ually built of timber and p finishinger and with thatched roofs, the wee theatres were vulnerable to fire, and were replaced (when necessary) with stronger structures. When the Globe burned down in June 1613, it was rebuilt with a tile roof. The English Renaissance Drama ? 1. The early tragedies ? 2. The early comedies ? 3. The plays of the ? University Wits? ? 4. William Shakespe bes plays the university wits The decade of the 1590s, just before Shakespeare started his career, saw a radical transformation in popular drama. A multitude of welleducated men chose to write for the public stage, taking over native traditions.They brought new coherence in structure, and real wit and poetic power to the language. They are cognise collectively as the University Wits, though they did not always work as a group, and thus wrangled with each other at times. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? John Lyly (1554-1606) Thomas Lodge (c. 1558-1625) Christopher Marlowe (1564-1593) Robert Greene (1560-1592) Thomas Nash e (1567-1601) George Peele Thomas Kyd Thomas Kyd (1558 1594) ? ? ? Th. Kyd was the author of The Spanish Tragedy, and bingle of the most important figures in the development of Elizabethan drama.The Spanish Tragedie was probably written in the mid to late 1580s. The earliest surviving edition was printed in 1592 the full title cosmos, The Spanish Tragedie, Containing the lamentable end of Don Horatio, and Bel-imperia with the pittifull death of olde Hieronimo. However, the play was usually know simply as Hieronimo, after the protagonist. Kyd is more broadly accepted to have been the author of a settlement, the precursor of the Shakespearean play (Ur-Hamlet). Christopher Marlowe(1564 1593) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?The foremost Elizabethan tragedian before William Shakespeare, he is known for his magnificent quad verse, his overreaching protagonists, and his own untimely death. Marlowes most important plays in which he created his tytanic characters are Dido, milksop of Carthage (c. 1 586) (possibly co-written with Thomas Nashe) Tamburlaine, part 1 (c. 1587) Tamburlaine, part 2 (c. 1587-1588) The Jew of Malta (c. 1589) Doctor Faustus (c. 1589, or, c. 1593) Edward II (c. 1592) The Massacre at genus Paris (c. 1593) Marlowe is often alleged to have been a government spy killed upon the orders of the Queen.William Shakespeare and His Contemporaries ? According to some critics of his time, Shakespeare was vulgar, peasant and overrated. ? Robert Greene (1558 1592) is most familiar to Shakespeare scholars for his pamphlet Greenes Groats-Worth of Wit (full title Greenes Groats-worth of Wit bought with a Million of Repentance), which most scholars retard contains the earliest known mention of Shakespeare as a member of the London dramatic community. In it, Greene disparages Shakespeare, for creation an actor who has the temerity to write plays, and for committing plagiarism. ? or there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well able to bombast let on a blanke verse as the best of you and being an absolute Johannes fac totum, is in his owne conceit the onely Shake- shaft in a countrey. William Shakespeare and His Contemporaries ? ? Francis Meres, one year young than Shakespeare, set forth himself as Maister of Arte of both Universities in 1598 Meres published a work which has proven most valuable in dating Shakespeares plays, for he mentions many of them, and in the most laudatory terms.In Palladis Tamia, Wits Treasury, Meres begins by praising Shakespeares song the two narrative poems, genus Venus and Adonis and The Rape of Lucrece, and the Sonnets then compares Shakespeare to Plautus in comedy and to Seneca in cataclysm Shakespeare was not of an age, plainly for all time. ? These are the words of Shakespeares great friend and contemporary, Ben Jonson. The quotation comes from Jonsons poem, To the retrospection of my beloved, found in the First Folio of Shak espeares works, published in 1623. Ben Jonson (1572-1637) William Shakespeare (1564 1616) ? There is no simple account statement forShakespeares unrivaled popularity, solely he remains our greatest entertainer and perhaps our most profound thinker. He had a remarkable knowledge of human behavior, which he was able to communicate by means of his portrayal of a wide variety of characters. ? His mastery of poetic language and of the proficiencys of drama enabled him to combine these multiple viewpoints, human motives, and actions to fetch a uniquely compelling theatrical experience. SHAKESPEARES EARLY YEARS English playwright William Shakespeare was born(p) in a small house on Henley Street in Stratford-uponAvon in April 1564.The third of octet children, William Shakespeare was the eldest son of John Shakespeare, a lo titley prominent glove-maker and wool merchant, and Mary Arden, the lady friend of a well-to-do landowner in the nearby village of Wilmcote. The young Shakespeare p robably attended the Stratford grammar school, the nances New School. Shakespeares Birthplace Stratford upon Avon On November 27, 1582, a license was issued to permit Shakespeares marriage, at the age of 18, to Anne Hathaway, aged 26 and the daughter of a Warwickshire farmer.The couples first daughter, Susanna, was born on may 26, 1583, and twins Hamnet and Judith who were have-to doe withd for their godparents, neighbors Hamnet and Judith Sadler followed on February 2, 1585. Anne Hathaway? s Cottage Charlecote Park, Sir Thomas Lucy? s Property Sometime after the deliver of the twins, Shakespeare apparently left Stratford, but no records have turned up to reveal his activity amid their return and his presence in London in 1592, when he was al construct at work in the theater. Shakespeare? s biographers sometimes refer to the years amid 1585 and 1592 as the lost years. Speculations or so this period abound. An uncorroborated report claims Shakespeare left Stratford after he w as caught poaching in the deer park of Sir Thomas Lucy, a local justice of the peace. Another theory has him leaving for London with a theater troupe that had performed in Stratford in 1587. SHAKESPEARE IN LONDON ? Shakespeare calculates to have arrived in London about 1588, and by 1592 he had come through sufficient success as an actor and a playwright to attract the venom of Greene, an anxious rival. near OF SHAKESPEARES CONTEMPORARIES HENRY WRIOTHESLEY RICHARD BURBAGE WILLIAM KEMPECRISTOPHER MARLOWE ? In 1594 Shakespeare became the member of Lord Chamberlains men and was active in the formation of famous theatre, the Globe. London The Globe Theater (rebuilt in 1997) London The Globe Theater (rebuilt in 1997) Shakespeares Last Years Shakespeares company erected the storied Globe Theatre circa 1598 in Londons Bankside district. It was one of foursome major theatres in the area, along with the Swan, the Rose, and the Hope. After about 1608 Shakespeare began to write fewer play s. In 1613 fire undone the Globe Theatre during a performance of Henry VIII.Although the Globe was quickly rebuilt, Shakespeare? s association with it and probably with the company had ended. Around the time of the fire, Shakespeare retired to Stratford, where he had established his family and become a prominent citizen. Shakespeare? s daughter Susanna had married John Hall, a doctor with a thriving physical exercise in Stratford, in 1607. His younger daughter, Judith, married a Stratford winemaker, Thomas Quiney, in 1616. ? Shakespeare died on April 23, 1616 the month and day traditionally assigned to his birth and was buried in Stratfords Holy Trinity Church.He had made his will the previous month, ? in consummate(a) health and memory.? The cause of his death is not known, though a report from the Holy Trinitys vicar in the 1660s claims that he ? died of a fever contracted after a dark of drinking with Ben Jonson and Michael Drayton, friends and fellow traveller writers? . ? Englands greatest playwright, William Shakespeare was buried in the Holy Trinity Church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. His epitaph reads ? Good frend for Iesvs pastime forbeare, ? To digg the dvst encloased heare. ? Blest be ye man yt spares thes stones, ? And cvrst be he yt moves my bones.Trinity Church Stratford-upon-Avon Shakespeare Authorship Debate ? The Shakespeare authorship controversy continues to rage unabated. ? The traditional camp (Stratfordians) maintain that the famous Bard was indeed a poet, playwright and an actor. ? Critics known as Oxfordian? s argue that a more likely contender may have been Edward De Vere (1550-1604), Christopher Marlowe, Sir Francis Bacon, bowler hat or even Queen Elizabeth herself Shakespeares Works and their chronology (apud Halliday) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1589-1590 1. Henry VI 1590 1591 2.Henry VI 1592 1593 Richard III Titus Andronicus Venus and Adonis 1592 1598 Sonnets 1593 1594 The Comedy of Errors T he Taming of the Shrew The Rape of Lucrece 1594 1595 The dickens gentlemen of Verona Love? s Labours Lost 1595 1596 Romeo and Juliet Richard II A Midsummer Night? s Dream 1596 1597 King John The Merchant of Venice 1597 1598 1 Henry IV 2 Henry IV 1598 1599 Much ado About Nothing Henry V The refreshful Wives of Windsor ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 1599 1600 Julius Caesar As You Like It Twelfth Night 1600 1601 Hamlet 1601 1602 Troilus and Cressida 1602 1603 All? Well that Ends Well Othello 1603 1604 Measure for measuring 1604 1605 Timon of Athens 1605 1606 King Lear Macbeth 1606 1607 Antony and Cleopatra 1607 1608 Coriolanus 1608 1609 Pericles, Prince of Tyre 1609 1610 Cymbeline 1610 1611 The Winter? s Tale 1611 1612 The Tempest 1612 1613 Henry VIII (1613 1614) The Two Noble Kinsmen The First Folio ? The First Folio is of major importance to William Shakespeare as it is the first composed edition of Shakespeares plays. The copperengraving picture of Wil liam Shakespeare is signed Martin Droeshout on the title-page of the First Folio? 1623). Famous Quotes ? Juliet Whats in a name? That which we call a rose By any other name would smell as sweet. Romeo and Juliet (II, ii, 1-2) Juliet or The Blue Necklace (1898) by John William Waterhouse Famous Quotes ? Hamlet There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, Than are dreamt of in your philosophy. Hamlet Act 1, thought 5, 159167 Ophelia (1894) John William Waterhouse Famous Quotes Hamlet What a element of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving how submit and admirable, in action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god he watcher of the macrocosm, the paragon of animals and yet, to me, what is this quintessence of dust? Man delights not me nor woman neither, though by your smiling you seem to say so. Rosencrantz My lord, there was no such(prenominal) stuff in my thoughts. Hamlet Act 2, scene 2, 303312 John William Waterho use Ophelia blue dress (1905) Famous Quotes ? Jaques All the worlds a stage, And all the men and women merely players They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. ? As You Like It Act 2, scene 7, 139143John William Waterhouse Gather Ye Rosebuds While Ye May (1909) Famous Quotes Macbeth ? To-morrow, and to-morrow, and to-morrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle Lifes but a walkway shadow, a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more. It is a rehearsal Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing. Macbeth Act 5, scene 5, 1928 John William Waterhouse The Magic fortune (study) (1886) Famous QuotesProspero ? We are such stuff As dreams are made on and our little action Is rounded with a slumber. ? The Tempest Act 4, scene 1 , 148158 John William Waterhouse Miranda The Tempest (1916) Famous Quotes Hamlet ? To be, or not to be, that is the question Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles And by opposing end them. To dieto sleep, No more and by a sleep to say we end The heart-ache and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to tis a consummation Devoutly to be wishd.To die, to sleep To sleep, perchance to dreamay, theres the rub For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled finish shoot this mortal coil, Must give us pausetheres the respect That makes calamity of so long conduct Hamlet Act 3, scene 1, 5587 Sir Laurence Olivier (1907 1989) as Hamlet Shakespeare, Our Contemporary Hamlets Soliloquy ? Since first performed in the early 1600s, the title role in William Shakespeares Hamlet has remained a favorite of many actors because of the stirred complexity of Hamlets personality. No where is this complexity more apparent than in Hamlets famous soliloquy in Act III, Scene 1.The soliloquy is a monologue in which a character reveals inner thoughts, motivations, and feelings. Shakespeare used the technique often, and his soliloquies are poetic and rich in imagery. In Hamlet, a play about a man whose mind may be his fatal flaw, the form reaches its highest level. The Structure of Shakespearean Tragedy as devised by Andrew Cecil Bradley ? Andrew Cecil Bradley (18511935) was an English literary scholar, best remembered for his work on Shakespeare ? The outcome of his five years as professor of Poetry at Oxford University were A. C.Bradleys two major works, Shakespearean Tragedy (1904), and Oxford Lectures on Poetry (1909). Bradleys pedagogical manner and his self-confidence made him a real guide for many students to the meaning of Shakespeare. His influence on Shakespearean criticism was so great that the following anonymous poem appeared I dreamt last night that Sha kespeares Ghost Sat for a civil service post. The English paper for that year Had several(prenominal) questions on King Lear Which Shakespeare answered very badly Because he hadnt read his Bradley. (Hawkes 1986 as cited in Taylor 2001 46)CONSTRUCTION IN SHAKESPEARES TRAGEDIES ? As a Shakespearean tragedy represents a dispute which terminates in a catastrophe, any such tragedy may roughly be divided into three parts. ? A. The first of these sets forth or expounds the berth, or state of affairs, out of which the conflict arises and it may, therefore, be called the exposition. ? B. The second deals with the definite beginning, the growth and the vicissitudes of the conflict. It forms accordingly the bulk of the play, comprising the Second, third gear and Fourth Acts, and usually a part of the First and a part of the Fifth. ? C.The final section of the tragedy shows the issue of the conflict in a catastrophe. ? The application of this scheme of division is naturally more or less(pren ominal) arbitrary. The first part glides into the second, and the second into the third, and there may often be difficulty in drawing the lines between them. A. The Exposition ? ? ? The role of the exposition is to introduce us into a little world of persons to show us their positions in life, their circumstances, their relations to one another, and perhaps something of their characters and to leave us keenly kindle in the question of what will come out of this condition of things.We are left thus expectant. This situation is not one of conflict, but it threatens conflict. For example, in Romeo and Juliet we see first the hatred of the Montagues and Capulets and then we see Romeo ready to fall violently in love and then we hear talk of a marriage between Juliet and Paris but the exposition is not complete, and the conflict has not definitely begun to arise, till, in the last scene of the First Act, Romeo the Montague sees Juliet the Capulet and falls in love with her.Sir Frank Dick see Romeo And Juliet, 1884 Some Shakespearean Tricks ? ? ? When Shakespeare begins his exposition he generally at first makes people talk about the hero, but keeps the hero himself for some time out of sight, so that we await his entrance with curiosity and sometimes with anxiety. On the other hand, if the play opens with a hush up conversation, this is usually brief, and then at once the hero enters and takes action of some decided kind. For instance, compare the beginning of Macbeth to that of King Lear.In the latter the tone is so low that the conversation between Kent, Gloster and Edmund is written in prose (although they are of noble extraction). At the thirty-fourth line it is broken off by the entrance of Lear and his court, and without delay the King proceeds to his fatal division of the kingdom. William Dyce King Lear and the Fool in the Storm (c. 1851) ? This tragedy illustrates another practice of Shakespeares. King Lear has a secondary plot, that which concerns Glouch ester and his two sons.To make the beginning of this plot quite clear, and to mark it off from the main action, Shakespeare gives it a separate exposition. ? In Hamlet, though the plot is single, there is a little group of characters possessing a certain independent interest, Polonius, his son, and his daughter and so the third scene is devoted wholly to them. B. The date ? The construction of a Shaksepearean tragedy is based on the fight between two opposing sides in the conflict. They are of almost equal strength and it is difficult to guess which of them is to win.They are victorious in turn, until the conflict reaches its climax. In some tragedies the opposing forces can be identified with opposing persons or groups. So it is in Romeo and Juliet and Macbeth. But it is not always so. The love of Othello may be said to contend with another force, as the love of Romeo does but Othello cannot be said to contend with Iago as Romeo contends with the representatives of the hatred of the houses, or as Macbeth contends with Malcolm and Macduff. ? Thomas Stothard, The Meeting of Othello and Desdemona (c. 1799)Ups, downs and suspense ? ? ? There is, all through the tragedy, a constant alternation of rises and falls in this tautness or in the emotional pitch of the work, a weak sequence of more exciting and less exciting sections. The sequence of events within the conflict, is also based on the principle of alternation. Let us call the two sides in the conflict A and B. All through the conflict we shall find a regular alternation of smaller advances and withdrawals first A seeming to win some ground, and then the counteraction of B being shown.And since we always more or less decidedly prefer A to B or B to A, the result of this oscillating movement is a constant alternation of hope and fear, causing suspense. Dagnan-Bouveret Hamlet and the Gravediggers ? ? ? ? ? ? ? In Hamlet the conflict begins with the heros feigning to be insane from disappointment in love, an d we are shown his immediate success in convincing Polonius. Let us call this an advance of A. The next scene shows the Kings great uneasiness about Hamlets melancholy, and his skepticism as to Poloniuss explanation of its cause advance of B.Hamlet completely baffles Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, who have been sent to discover his secret, and he arranges for the test of the play scene advance of A. But immediately before the play scene his soliloquy on suicide fills us with misgiving and his words to Ophelia, overheard, so convince the King that love is not the cause of his nephews strange behavior, that he determines to get rid of him by sending him to England advance of B. The play scene proves a complete success decided advance of A.Directly after it Hamlet spares the King at prayer, and in an interview with his mother kills Polonius, and so gives his enemy a perfect excuse for sending him away (to be executed) decided advance of B, a. s. o. This oscillating movement can be trace d without difficulty in any of the tragedies. C. The denouement ? The oscillating movement continues right up to the catastrophe. ? There is a critical point in the action, which proves also to be a turning point.It is critical sometimes in the sense that, until it is reached, the conflict is not, so to speak, clinched one of the two sets of forces might subside, or a reconciliation might somehow be do while, as soon as it is reached, we feel this can no longer be. It is critical also because the locomote force has apparently asserted itself victoriously, gaining, if not all it could wish, still a very substantial emolument whereas really it is on the point of turning downward toward its fall. This crisis, as a rule, comes somewhere near the substance of the play. ?Alexandre-Marie Colin. The Three Witches from Macbeth, 1827. This movement is most clear in Julius Caesar and Macbeth. In the former the fortunes of the conspiracy rise with vicissitudes up to the crisis of the assas sination (III. i. ) they then sink with vicissitudes to the catastrophe, where Brutus and Cassius perish. In the latter, Macbeth, hurrying, in spite of much inward resistance, to the murder of Duncan, attains the crown, the upward movement being extraordinarily rapid, and the crisis arriving early his cause then turns slowly downward, and soon hastens to ruin.In both these tragedies the repose of the constructional effect depends on the fact that the contending forces may be identified with certain persons, and on the fact that the obliterate of one side is the victory of the other. Octavius and Antony, Malcolm and Macduff, are left standing over the bodies of their foes. ? Lifes but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.Charles Kean and his wife as Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, in costumes aiming to be historically accurate (1858). ? This is not so in Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet, because here, although the hero perishes, the side opposed to him, being the more haywire or evil, cannot be allowed to triumph when he falls. Otherwise the type of construction is the same. The fortunes of Romeo and Juliet rise and culminate in their marriage (II. vi. ), and then begin to decline before the opposition of their houses, which, aided by accidents, produces a catastrophe, but is thereupon converted into a remorseful reconciliation.Hamlets cause reaches its zenith in the success of the play-scene (III. ii. ). Thereafter the reaction makes way, and he perishes through the plot of the King and Laertes. But they are not allowed to survive their success. Frederick Leighton The Reconciliation of the Montagues and Capulets over the Dead Bodies of Romeo and Juliet, 1853-5 The Play Scene in Hamlet by Daniel Maclise (1806-70) ? http//elizabethan. org/compendium/home. html ? http//www. elizabethan-era. org. uk/elizabethan-england. htm ? http/ /www. britainexpress. com/History/Elizabethan_life. htm